On October 28, 2025, NVIDIA CEO Jensen Huang delivered the GTC Washington, D.C. keynote, focusing on the future of technology across key strategic domains: AI, 6G, Quantum, Models, Enterprise Computing, Robotics, and Factories. His address positioned NVIDIA not just as a hardware leader but as the architect of a new industrial and economic era.
Policy-Based Routing (PBR) is the foundational mechanism for achieving redirection by utilizing access lists (ACLs) to match criteria beyond the destination IP, combined with route maps to define an alternate next-hop. This blog focuses on selective redirection of traffic flows originating from specific internal subnets toward external path different than the routing protocol calculates and installs for external destination.
Understanding Policy-Based Routing in Data Center Fabrics: VxLAN EVPN Read More »
The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) automates IP address assignment through a four-step dialogue known as DORA: Discover, Offer, Request, and Acknowledge. This process ensures that clients can join a network without manual IP configuration.
Because DHCP discovery messages are broadcasts, they cannot cross Layer 3 boundaries. A DHCP relay policy may be used when the DHCP client and server are in different subnets. ACI’s built-in DHCP relay function solves this by intercepting the broadcast and forwarding it as a unicast packet to a configured DHCP server.
The evolution of Cisco ACI’s security model from EPGs to ESGs represents a significant maturation of the platform. While EPGs were instrumental in ACI’s original design, their tightly coupled nature presented challenges in large-scale and complex environments. The ESG model directly addresses these limitations by providing a more flexible, scalable, and operationally efficient approach to security.
The ESG’s ability to decouple security policy from forwarding, expand its scope to the VRF level, and leverage dynamic endpoint selectors allows network professionals to align their security posture with business logic in a way that was not previously possible. This shift not only simplifies complex tasks like route leaking and brownfield migrations but also conserves valuable hardware resources.
The decision of whether to primarily utilize EPGs or ESGs hinges on your specific application requirements and design philosophy.
Hey there, ACI enthusiasts! Ready to put your knowledge to the test? – Cisco ACI: EPG vs. ESG Quiz! Test your knowledge on the differences between EPGs and ESGs in Cisco ACI.
In the world of Cisco Application Centric Infrastructure (ACI), understanding the subtle but critical differences between network constructs is key to building a robust and secure fabric. While you might be very familiar with Endpoint Groups (EPGs) and their role in defining both forwarding and security policy, ACI 5.0 introduced a new player to the game: Endpoint Security Groups (ESGs).
Are you ready to see if you can tell the difference? Let’s dive in and find out if you’re an EPG expert or an ESG master!
ACI EPG vs. ESG – Quiz Read More »
ACI Fabric, Meet Your AI Assistant: The Dawn of Conversational Network Management. Model Context Protocol (MCP) is A pivotal enabler for the intelligent interaction. MCP is an emerging open standard that functions as a “universal translator” or, more colloquially, a “USB-C port for AI applications”. It provides a standardized method for AI models to connect with diverse external data sources and tools. This protocol standardizes how AI applications can supply crucial context, such as documents, database records, API data, and web search results, to the Large Language Models (LLMs), thereby allowing them to interact meaningfully with external systems.
Chat with Your ACI Fabric Read More »
The Model Context Protocol (MCP) is reshaping the way network professionals interact with network infrastructures. Instead of relying on complex CLI commands or APIs, MCP enables natural language communication with the network. APIC-MCP-Server is a Python-based MCP (Model-Context-Protocol) server I developed to enable interactive communication with Cisco ACI fabrics through the APIC. Designed for scalability and intelligence, it allows AI agents to use targeted “tools” to perform specific operations across the network. Built with Python and the FastMCP framework, this server offers a dynamic and extensible interface that can discover and execute a wide range of ACI functions.
Command Your ACI Fabric with Conversation: AI + MCP in Action Read More »
Overview In a VXLAN EVPN fabric, establishing external routed connectivity and integrating Layer 4 to Layer 7 (L4-L7) services are crucial for ensuring network security and optimizing traffic flow. Typically, external routed connections are linked to specific leaf switches known as border leaf switches. These switches handle traffic entering and exiting the VXLAN fabric. On
VXLAN EVPN vPC Attached External / L4-L7 Configuration – BGP Read More »
Belete Ageze 2xCCIE | CCDE In today’s fast-paced digital realm, businesses continually seek ways to swiftly provide adaptable services, meeting ever-changing customer expectations. They aim to enhance agility and productivity to maintain a competitive edge, while also optimizing costs and identifying opportunities for savings.. VxLAN EVPN Multi-site architecture stands out as a robust solution, addressing
VXLAN EVPN Multi-Site – NDFC Read More »
This blog delves into the intricacies of DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) setup within a multi-tenant VXLAN EVPN fabric. VXLAN EVPN offers the capability to segment networks logically within data centers, facilitating the creation of distinct network environments for various tenants. However, the question arises: how can you guarantee that each tenant’s devices seamlessly acquire
Configure DHCP in VxLAN EVPN Fabric Read More »
In a VXLAN EVPN fabric, L4-L7 connectivity play a vital role in securing and optimizing network traffic. L4-L7 services are typically connected to the leaf switches, often referred to as service leaf switches. The choice between a dual-attached and single-attached L4-L7 service node design for a VXLAN EVPN fabric depends heavily on the specific requirements
VxLAN EVPN Fabric L4-L7 Connectivity – vPC or PC Read More »
ACI fabric typically rely on external authentication mechanisms like RADIUS, LDAP, RSA, TACACS+, etc for secure logins. However, there might be situations where the primary authentication method becomes unavailable due to issues with the external authentication server or configuration problems. The ACI fallback login mechanism provides a critical safety net in such scenarios. It allows
ACI Fallback Login Read More »
1. Overview In Cisco ACI, a powerful feature called route leaking enables applications and services to communicate seamlessly across Virtual Routing and Forwarding (VRF) instances. This allows for efficient data flow within the network infrastructure, even when applications reside in separate VRFs for security or isolation purposes. Route leaking achieves this by sharing routing information
ACI Application Centric Deployment (ACD) and Subnet Sharing with Route Leaking Read More »
Overview This blog is a continuation of ‘Cisco VxLAN EVPN Route Leaking – 1’ – https://deliabtech.com/data-center/cisco-vxlan-evpn-route-leaking-1/ . The focus is on configuring route leaking through the use of Nexus Dashboard Fabric Controller (NDFC). Topology Goal – Green vrf imports Blue & Orange vrfs and Blue & Orange vrfs import Green vrf Assumptions Configuration 1. log
Cisco VxLAN EVPN Route Leaking – 2 (NDFC) Read More »
Overview Route leaking in Cisco VXLAN EVPN fabrics plays a critical role in enabling communication between workloads residing in different L3 VXLAN Network Segments (VNIs), VRFs. It essentially allows these workloads to seamlessly access resources and services provided by shared services or external networks. VRF (Virtual Routing and Forwarding) – VRFs are leveraged to establish
Cisco VxLAN EVPN Route Leaking – 1 Read More »
Overview VXLAN EVPN fabrics address the need for workload mobility, flexible resource allocation and multi-tenancy by decoupling workloads from the underlying physical infrastructure. This enables to treat workloads as portable units that can be easily moved across different compute resources within the data center. Workloads in the data center need the ability to connect to
VxLAN EVPN Fabrics External Connectivity – VRF Lite Read More »
Overview NDFC’s brownfield deployment approach streamlines the migration of existing VXLAN EVPN fabrics, previously set-up via CLI or custom scripts. This transition empowers centralized management through a user-friendly web interface, simplifying configuration tasks, promoting consistency across the fabric, and facilitating troubleshooting efforts. The migration process involves fabric discovery, configuration import from the existing environment, and
NDFC VxLAN EVPN Fabric – Brownfield Read More »
1. Overview VxLAN EVPN fabric / architecture is one of the widely deployed DC network solutions that can be scaled to thousands of networks across a wide range of geographical regions. VLANs have been used to provide network segmentation in data center networks. But it’s limitation on addressing the growing need of scale, multi-tenancy and
Cisco VxLAN EVPN Fabric Configuration Read More »
Belete Ageze – 2xCCIE | CCDE Overview While Cisco VxLAN leverages BGP EVPN for the control plane, it requires mechanisms to manage Broadcast, Unknown Unicast, and Multicast (BUM) traffic within the VxLAN fabric. VxLAN fabrics typically rely on multicast replication in the underlay network to efficiently forward BUM traffic. Although ingress replication serves as an
Underlay Multicast Routing for VxLAN BUM Traffic Read More »
Overview Cisco iCAM – intelligent CAM (Content Addressable Memory) Analytics and Machine learning is a feature available on Cisco Nexus switches. It provides functionalities focused on resource monitoring and analysis for various switch functions and features like; Cisco iCAM Benefits iCAM provides resource monitoring and analytics for different functions and features on supported switches. It
Cisco iCAM Monitor Read More »
1. Overview and Core Concepts Data Plane Policing (DPP) is a crucial ACI feature used to manage and restrict bandwidth consumption on specific fabric access interfaces, ensuring efficient and controlled use of network resources. This blog uses an ACI fabric running 5.2(7f) and focuses on Data Plane Policing of l3Out interfaces. Action on Excess Traffic:
ACI Data Plane Policing (DPP): A Deep Dive on L3Out Bandwidth Control Read More »
Cisco ACI (Application Centric Infrastructure) uses route leaking technique to allow routes to be shared between VRFs in the same tenant or in different tenants.
Route leaking reduces routing devices involved in a multiple VRF environment and improve network performance by avoiding traffic to use outside path for inter-VRF communication. But accidental route leaking can happen if manual configuration is used in a scaled environment which may increase the complexity of network operation and troubleshooting.
ACI route leaking is a powerful feature and it’s critical to understand the pros and cons during the design phase to get the most out of it based on the unique requirements of the specific deployment.
ACI Route Leaking – Shared Services (Network Centric Deployment) Read More »
Cisco ACI security architecture is based on allow-list where explicit definition of traffic flow need to be defined. Contract is a foundation for ACI security architecture where communication between EPGs|ESGs is defined. The contract relationship is between ESGs, EPGs (regular or uSig EPGs) or within EPG|ESG for intra-EPG contract.
Cisco ACI Contract Read More »
ACI uses L3Out to connect to external L3 domains via routing (dynamic routing protocol or static). There are multiple options and tools to optimize the L3Out for effective L3 communications between ACI and external network services. One of those is Floating L3Out.
Floating L3Out enables engineers to configure L3Out without specifying logical interfaces. Floating L3Out makes configuration, management, and troubleshooting easier. Only specific leaf nodes, called anchor leaf nodes establish routing adjacencies with external routers.
Anchor leaf node – is a leaf node that establish route peering / L3 adjacencies with the external routers. As of Cisco ACI release 6.0(1), the verified scalability number of anchor leaf nodes is 6 per L3Out.
Cisco ACI Floating L3Out Read More »
ACI has a feature, ‘ACI Rogue/Coop Exception List’, to mitigate the impact of rogue endpoint control and coop endpoint dampening on some legitimate frequent traffic movement during server initialization, firewall failover and others.
ACI Rogue/Coop Exception List Read More »
Starting from release 4.2(1) ACI allows to configure an intersite L3Out on a multi-site ACI fabric. This feature enables for an endpoint in a site to send traffic to Layer 3 resources accessible via a remote L3Out connection. Before release 4.2(1) endpoints deployed in a given site can communicate with the external network domain only through a local L3Out connection.
ACI Multi-site Intersite L3Out Read More »
Designing ACI multi-site object names should not be an after thought since it has an implication during inter-site communication deployment. When contract with the right scope is applied between site-local EPGs the ACI objects are mirrored on the remote sites. The mirrored objects appear as if they are deployed in each of these sites’ controllers, while only actually being deployed in one of the sites. These mirrored objects are called “shadow” objects and they appear with the same names as the ones that were deployed directly to each site. Because of the shadow objects requirement for inter-site communication between site-local EPGs, this blogs focus on ACI multi-site object naming consideration an engineer need to be aware of.
ACI Multi-site Object Naming Consideration Read More »
Policy CAM and TCAM In this article, I will discuss ACI TCAM resource utilization and optimization. In ACI policy, contract/filters are programmed in Policy CAM and Overflow TCAM (OTCAM). The policy CAM, Content Addressable Memory, is the hardware resource used by Cisco switches. Cisco ACI leaf switches use policy CAM to allow filtering of traffic
ACI TCAM Resource Utilization and Optimization Read More »
Syslog messages A syslog in Cisco ACI can be configured to leverage system messages for troubleshooting and optimization of the ACI fabric. A fault or an event can trigger to send a log message to the console and to a logging server, if configured. A system message typically contains a subset of information about the
Configuring Syslog in Cisco ACI -UDP, TCP, TLS Read More »
This blog post focuses on ACI Role Based Access Control (RBAC) configuration. Demonstrates step by step configuration of ACI and ISE (TACACS+ provider) to achieve the use case which is to provide multi-tenant access control. Users can only access the tenants they are assigned to. Members of infra-admin will have full access to all tenant
Cisco ACI Role Based Access Control (RBAC) with ISE as TACACS+ provider Read More »
This blog post will focus on ACI contract priority. Contract is applied in a provider / consumer relationship and a leaf program a security policy (zoning rules) on TCAM (Ternary Content Addressable Memory). Zoning rule entry defines an action (permit, deny, redirect, log) based on the source EPG, the destination EPG, and filter. The source EPG and destination EPG are represented by a unique class ID ( pcTag ). Zoning rules are per VRF, defined with a unique scope and has a priority. The lower the number of the priority, the higher the priority. Zoning rule with the lower value (higher priority) win over zoning rule with a higher value (lower priority). When a traffic between EPGs match more than one zoning rules, the zoning rule priority with some higher level rules is used to decide the action applied on the traffic flow.
ACI Contract Priority Read More »
The infographic video will focus on ACI contract priority. Contract is applied in a provider / consumer relationship and a leaf program a security policy (zoning rules) on TCAM (Ternary Content Addressable Memory). Zoning rule entry defines an action (permit, deny, redirect, log) based on the source EPG, the destination EPG, and filter. The source
ACI Contract Priority Infographic Video Read More »
The ACI security architecture plays a foundational role toward Zero Trust architecture and Micro Segmentation initiatives in data center. In this blog post ACI contract structure, contract inheritance, contract labels are discussed. EPG|ESG classification, policy enforcement, and ways of deploying contracts from Macro to micro level are also covered.
When inserting a load balancer into a Cisco ACI fabric, it is important to understand the desired traffic flow, the advantage of using the ACI fabric anycast gateway, the benefit of selective traffic redirection and if DSR is required. Load balancers can be inserted into ACI fabric using the following deployment options. Policy based redirect is a feature to selectively steer traffic to service nodes. PBR with load balancers (one-arm, two-arm) plays a key role on returning traffic back to the same load balancer as the incoming traffic while keeping the client IP as a source IP.
Two Arm Load Balancer with ACI PBR destination in an L3out Read More »
An EPG with VMM domain association creates a port group on the APIC managed DVS. The name for the port group defaults to ‘Tenant_name|AP_name|EPG_name’. The name, depending on how the tenant, application profile and EPG are named, may not be simple or meaningful for the VMWare admin. The solution is custom EPG name. An EPG can optionally have a custom name with the VMM domain association. Beginning in release 4.2(3), custom EPG name is used to create a port group with a simple and meaningful name when the default ‘Tenant_name|AP_name|EPG_name’ naming doesn’t meet the need of the VMWare admin’s standard.
ACI Custom EPG Name for Simple and Meaningful Port Group Naming Read More »
When inserting a load balancer into a Cisco ACI fabric, it is important to understand the desired traffic flow, the advantage of using the ACI fabric anycast gateway, the benefit of selective traffic redirection and if DSR is required. Load balancers can be inserted into ACI fabric using the following deployment options. Policy based redirect is a feature to selectively steer traffic to service nodes. PBR with load balancers (one-arm, two-arm) plays a key role on returning traffic back to the same load balancer as the incoming traffic while keeping the client IP as a source IP.
One Arm Load Balancer with ACI PBR Destination in an L3out Read More »
When inserting a load balancer into a Cisco ACI fabric, it is important to understand the desired traffic flow, the advantage of using the ACI fabric anycast gateway, the benefit of selective traffic redirection and if DSR is required. Load balancers can be inserted into ACI fabric using the following deployment options. Policy based redirect is a feature to selectively steer traffic to service nodes. PBR with load balancers (one-arm, two-arm) plays a key role on returning traffic back to the same load balancer as the incoming traffic while keeping the client IP as a source IP.
One Arm Load Balancer with ACI Policy Based Redirect Read More »
VxLAN EVPN Multi-site architecture is one of the widely deployed DC network solutions that can be scaled to thousands of switches across a wide range of geographical regions. VxLAN and MPBGP creates a powerful technology used to build a large, secure, and resilient multi-tenant web scale fabric that can scale to host hundreds of thousands of systems. In this document, VxLAN EVPN Multisite with two sites (SITE1 and SITE2) and inter-site network (ISN) will be configured for seamlessly extending layer 2 and layer 3 using anycast BGWs. All configurations necessary for full operation will be included…
VxLAN EVPN Multi-Site Configuration Read More »
ACI fabric supports transit routing. This feature enables a border leaf to perform bidirectional redistribution between routing domains. A transit traffic can pass from one layer 3 domain to another layer 3 domain through ACI (the ACI acting as a transit between the two layer 3 domains). A transit route is defined to import traffic through a Layer 3 outside network of an L3out where it is to be imported. A different transit route is defined to export traffic through another L3out to the destination routing domain.
The route-maps for import and export route controls are made up of prefix-list matches. Each prefix-list consists of bridge domain (BD), external subnet prefixes in the VRF and the export prefixes that need to be advertised outside. Route control policies are defined in an l3out and controlled by properties and relations associated with the l3Out. APIC uses the enforce route control property of the l3Out to enforce route control directions. The default is to enforce control on export and allow all on import. The default scope for every route is import. These are the routes and prefixes which form a prefix-based EPG…
Cisco ACI Transit Routing: A Step-by-Step Configuration Guide Read More »
